Archive for January, 2006
Road Trip
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Today I am happy to submit for your appreciation a true story. In some tales you hear the line the facts are true only the names have been changed. That applies to the “Road Trip” which was written as a sort of autobiographical recount from a long time CRNA. I hope that you enjoy this example of what it is like to be an anesthesia provider behind the scenes doing the every day work of an anesthetist. In reality this is something about being a rural CRNA keeping your finger in the dike, working hard to keep your skills up for when it really hits the fan; something about being “on deck” for half of your life knowing that in fact for 65% of rural hospitals, CRNAs do this “Road Trip” night after night. Enjoy.
Road Trip
“Damn, damn DAMN!†He thought. Two seconds ago, he’d been rushing across the hospital parking lot, thinking about all the things that could go wrong during an emergency anesthetic for a 400 pound patient, and all the things he’d have to do to make sure that none of those things would go wrong. Ten minutes ago, he’d been writing some last-minute Christmas emails and thinking about yet another New Year resolution to send cards next year.
As the initial shock and anger began to wear off, the hard reality of the slick, cold, gritty black ice of the parking lot began to make itself felt. His right arm hurt like a son-of-a-bitch, and when he tried to flex it, it wobbled uneasily, but bent very nearly as it should. “Nothing brokenâ€, he thought as he picked himself up gingerly off the pavement and fumbled for his ID tag to let himself into the back door.
The reality of winter in the northland hit him, and he reflected that you could take the boy out of California, but you couldn’t take California out of the boy, and that, as long as he had lived in the North Weeds, he still had to remind himself that the footing could be treacherous. Then the reality of the life of a rural CRNA came back to the fore, and his mind tore itself away from the pain, and back to planning for the care of his patient.
Stercus contingit.
“Murphyâ€, he thought, “was an optimistâ€. What had started as a simple in-and-out look through a scope at the lining of his sedated patient’s stomach had turned into a desperate emergency. The high-resolution screen of the video system hooked up to the modern gastroscope had told the tale for the entire crew to see – a crimson geyser sprayed from a tiny hole in the lining of the man’s stomach. Under the magnification of the fiberoptic system of the scope, it looked horrible. “We have to openâ€, said the surgeon. Just like that.
“No plan survives initial contact with the enemyâ€, he remembered from somewhere in his past. That spout of blood was trying to kill this man, and the entire crew stopped and looked at him there at the head of the table, and he suddenly felt very alone. Quickly, he ran a mental checklist for a “rapid sequence IV inductionâ€, a procedure that would quickly and safely exchange the patient’s fuzzy panic for calm sleep, and exchange the poor man’s labored breathing for the efficient mechanical swishing of a modern anesthesia ventilator pumping life-giving oxygen into the man’s lungs along with general anesthesia – the mysterious miracle that has been called “death with a return ticketâ€.
Years of practice and training informed his quick and efficient movements. Everything was laid out exactly where he knew it would be because everything was ALWAYS laid out where he knew it would be. Years of working alone in operating rooms where everything that could go wrong frequently did go wrong had prepared him to prepare. Even in preparation for the most seemingly trivial procedure, everything that might be needed was there. He knew that, sooner or later, everything that might be needed would be needed. Decades ago, he’d learned that, while there might be “minor surgeryâ€, there was no “minor anesthesiaâ€. In a series of steps that would have occupied several pages of some systems analyst’s flowcharts, but which took only precious seconds, his patient was asleep, a tube safely and surely in his windpipe, his blood pressure and pulse stabilized. With a terse nod to the surgeon and the man’s family doctor who’d been urgently summoned to help, he said “Goâ€. The incision was a small white rent in the yellow of the iodine-stained skin for a split second, and then drops of blood became a thick red line as the doctors went to work. He scanned all his monitors again, satisfied that his patient was responding as he should. Only then did he reach for the phone.
His partner of several years was home, and he breathed a sigh of relief as she answered the phone. A second pair of educated hands would be a life-saver – perhaps literally tonight. “Damn — I’m a one-armed banditâ€, he thought to himself silently as he grunted with the effort of hanging another bag of IV fluid with his arm that did what it was told, but reluctantly and painfully. He could have finished this case alone, but he didn’t have to prove that to anyone, least of all to himself.
Within minutes the other CRNA had come. No questions asked no protestations that it was her night off – because it had often been the other way around and she knew it would be again. With a brief exchange of questions and answers that a visitor might have mistaken for a foreign language, he brought his partner “up to speedâ€. The doctors, heads nearly bumping over the deep incision into the man’s massive abdomen, murmured in a language all their own and the technician and nurse half-listened, preparing and handing instruments in a frenzy of movements that spoke of years of having done this. A hundred collective years of training and experience came together over the man’s blue-draped body, homing with a grim intensity on that “bleederâ€, conspiring to cheat Death yet again.
The two CRNAs worked together in the small area between the head of the bed, the cart full of drugs and equipment, and the anesthesia machine. In a space barely big enough to turn around, they divided the tasks and worked together with a silence broken only by an occasional syllable or two; they both knew what had to be done. Within minutes, another large IV needle was in a vein in the man’s arm, and a slim needle had been run up an artery in the man’s wrist to monitor his blood pressure. With each task completed, their pace became less frantic but no less intense.
Finally, the doctors looked up. “Got itâ€, said the surgeon, and for the first time, he took a deep breath. “We’re closing him up, and you guys wake him up and we’ll transfer himâ€. The CRNAs looked at each other, and each knew what the other was thinking. This desperately ill man would “wake upâ€, all right, but it would be tomorrow, miles away, in an Intensive Care Unit, of which this tiny rural hospital had none. They also knew that the same freezing drizzle that had turned the skating lot into a parking rink would have kept the helicopters parked safely in some hangar somewhere, and that it would be a long and careful trip in the back of an ambulance.
One general anesthetic, with everything, to go.
The ride was long and bumpy. Each breath for the patient came from a plastic football-shaped bag, squeezed by his beat-up sore arm. He thought it would never end, but like everything else in his career, it did.
Non Opioid Crainiotomy
Posted by: | CommentsRecently, during my neuro-surgery rotation at a major medical center here in Los Angeles, I had the privilege to work with Robert Naruse, M.D. My time with him was fabulous and so totally entertaining. Now maybe that is not what a high stress rotation should sound like – after all this is brain surgery – but it was so much fun working with him. Dr. Naruse is a terrific advocate for nurse anesthesia practice and his knowledge of anesthesia is profound. Working with him for a month has been the best experience of my short career as a student nurse anesthetist.
What I learned from working with him is not in any text books or journal articles. Believe me I looked long and hard. Prior to coming into this rotation for neuro-surgery I had been using quite a bit of opioids during induction and emergence. After all patients have pain from the surgery – that seems plain enough. Patients need opioids, need lots of opioids especially the indigent person who is enzyme induced and the ortho-surgical patient with large fractures. At least this is what I have been taught and seems reasonable.
In the course of a month during this neuro-surgical rotation we provided anesthesia care for over 20 large craniotomies and 25 or so spine cases. The total amount of opioid that I used during the entire month was…….let me calculate this up…….hydromorphone 2 milligrams. What you say only 2 milligrams of hydromorphone during an entire month of surgery? Yes and that was to only one patient who had chronic pain and was taking opioids regularly at home. For the ordinary patient without a habituated need, no opioids were given. You can read my case report of a very difficult craniotomy case in the clinical document section to evaluate my anesthetic plan. (Here is the link to the case study).
This issue of pain in an anesthetized patient is complex and currently there is not a consensus of opinion on the matter. This is a complicated issue and I do not have the acumen or wisdom to expound on it in depth at this moment but I have developed some opinions based on my clinical experience. What I do know is that I had been giving a lot of opioids prior to this rotation and now am giving far less. Currently my patients are waking up very nicely without pain and are really comfortable under my current regimen. For the neurosurgical patient especially the clinical picture during wake up is critical. Any agent clouding a patient’s mentation is to be used with the greatest care in these cases. This seems prudent at least for this patient population.
The experience of working with Bob has profoundly changed the way I do my anesthetic and so far my patients have been very happy for it. No one wants to see a patient in pain but giving opioids before a demonstrable need for me now seems to be imprudent. After you read the case report I would appreciate any feed back.